A range of Finite Element simulated pole impact tests at various speeds (10km/h to 80km/h, in 10km/h increments) and impact angles (45⁰, 90⁰ and 120⁰) were conducted using LS-Dyna and PC-Crash. Publicly available Finite Element Vehicle models of a 1996 Ford Taurus, a 1994 Chevrolet C2500 and a 1997 Geo Metro (Suzuki Swift) were used, providing relationships among impact speeds, impact energy, crush depths and impact angles.

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